group 2, myocardial function and perfusion were determined by radionuclide investigations performed before and one year after CABG in 100 patients with preoperative LV dysfunction (defined as LV ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 0.40), comparing results of myocardial revascularization performed with either exclusive arterial grafts (arterial group, 54 patients) or one arterial graft (IMA) associated with a sequential vein graft (vein group, 46 patients). In group 1, a two-year assessment by exercise thallium myocardial scintigraphy without medical treatment was performed in 122 patients who consecutively underwent CABG with exclusive use of both internal mammary arteries (IMA) and gastroepiploic artery (GEA). Concerning the common regulations dedicated to operational risk management, a particular attention has been given to: G30, COSO, COCO, KonTraG, AS/NZS 4360, SOX and directives set by Basel organizations: the Bank of International Settlements and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.Ī prospective study of myocardial blood perfusion after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) was conducted in two groups of patients. An own operational risk management framework has been introduced and then the enterprise-wide risk management (EWRM) framework, proposed by DeLoach, which has been becoming more and more popular in recent years. The content of operational risk management is characterized in details at the beginning. The third part of the paper is dedicated to the methods, methodologies and regulations of operational risk management. The last section of part two explains the methods for pricing operational risk bonds. The qualitative and quantitative methods to estimate the catastrophic losses have been also considered. The next section of second part of the paper gives more attention to the operational risk estimation, including: the Delta method and the methods based on the extreme value theory (EVT). the internal measurement approach (IMA), the loss distribution approach (LDA) and the scoreboard approaches. Then the basic approaches to allocation of capital to operational risk, have been analyzed, including the most widespread within the banking sector: the basic indicator approach (BIA), the standardized approach (SA), the Advanced Measurement Approaches (AMA), i.e. ![]() Referring to the causal models of risk measurement, a particular attention has been given to the Bayesian models, and particularly to the Bayesian-Belief Networks (BBN). Furthermore, the bottom-up models of operational risk measurement have been considered, of those: ALM (asset-liability management), market factors models, actuarial loss models, causal models, operational variances, stress tests and operational checklists. Of the variety of top-down models several have been discussed in details, including: stock factor models, income based models, expense based models, operating leverage models, scenario analysis, and risk-profiling models. As far as it goes to operational risk measurement methods, both: top-down and bottom-up approaches have been reviewed. ![]() The latest combine judgment by managers and loss experience and the most representative among them are: historical loss mapping and key risk indicators (KRI). It begins from an overview of basic approaches to operational risk measurement, i.e.: qualitative, structural, actuarial and hybrid approaches. The second part of the paper focuses evaluation of operational risks. Finally, the trade-offs between risks and risk-adjusted performance measures have been discussed. However, this sector faces rather unique business risk profiles, comparing to e.g. It was underlined that the practice and research of risk management have been dominated by the experience of financial services, and particularly by banking and insurance. Different types of risks and relations between them have been carefully analyzed. The overview of up-to-date issues of operational risk management begins from a discussion of basic concepts.
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